Vocation paper Autosaved

That is where this article leads us and provides direction on what that means to us in our everyday spiritual lives. I will speak to my vocation(s) and how my calling from God relates to my education and my life in general. A call that I have received is the call to live in a family. God has provided me with a husband and two children. Together my husband and I are in charge of bringing our children up in the Lutheran faith and showing them how to live in a God pleasing way.My husband and I have taken vows to be faithful and loving to each other and show our children what it means to submit to another. We show them honor to God by going to church. My family has now expanded to include my school family and all those I will come into intact with along my educational journey. The call to work makes you think of your job that you go to everyday. This call is so much more than that. It really means that you put God in everything you do. It States in the article that Christianity values th e material world because God created it and saw that it was good.My decision to come to Wisconsin Lutheran for school was a personal one and provides me with both spiritual growth and intellectual growth. There has been a lot of discussion lately regarding the division of church and state. â€Å"Government leaders function with the natural law that the Lord embedded in their consciences to make them better leaders. † God knows that all people are sinners and we need to be protected from those sins, so he provides police officers, judges and soldiers.We as citizens have a responsibility to protect what God Vocation Stirrer 3 has provided for us and help others with this responsibility. We pray for our government as well as pay taxes. The article says â€Å"Give to Caesar what is Career's, and to God, what is God's. We show support for government and government shows support to our religious affiliations, but they are separate entities that have specific jobs to do. We have no choice to be in the world. We are born into it by God's grace and we are expected to do the best we can to live a Godly life while experiencing the benefits of what God has created for us.I believe this section of the article is speaking of not allowing the material things of this world to distract us from the true calling that we have received. We all have a purpose and we should be grateful to God for anything he has provided for us, not always expecting or wanting more. This section also ties into the next three sections of the article. Christians have a responsibility to carry certain burdens, to endure hardships and to be handful for those hardships. We also have a responsibility to not hide our faith but to share it with others joyfully and graciously.

Analysis of ICT task for a hairdresser’s booking system

The new hairdresser salon called Hair Studio that has opened needs to improve its record keeping system because the record keeping system at present is not very reliable and does not work efficiently. Therefore the ICT specialist’s job is to introduce an efficient system to store the customer’s details and to develop a reliable booking system. The system needs to be able to book appointments for the customers quick and easy. The new system should be able to help the salon to function more smoothly and the ICT system that I will give the hair salon will help the business become more organised and can easily handle the client’s data more efficiently. The details of the customers will be stored in a section where all the personal details of each customer will be stored and the appointments will be stored in the booking system. There are many ways of promoting the business one of the ways is to advertise the business to the public and make sure that they are aware that the business is open and where the branch of the business is located. The point of advertising is to the public to come to the salon and this will make the hair salon more popular and the salons profits will increase. Also you can read Analysis July at the Multiplex There are two ways, which it is possible to improve the way the hair salon is run either by keeping the existing paper based system to store the client details and appointments or I can use a computerised system to store all the details and information. An example of a paper-based system is a record card system where all the details of the customers are put on a pack of cards in alphabetical order. An example of a computerised system is a database system or Microsoft Access. Computerised system Advantages of a computerised system. Disadvantages of a computerised system. 1. You can set-up a primary key 2. You can perform queries 3. Can be sorted in alphabetical order 4. Validation incorrect data cannot be entered 5. The can be a menu page to make it more professional 6. Backup in case the data becomes lost. 7. Spell check 1. You need to train people to use the computerised system. 2. If the computer crashes the data can be lost. Paper based system Advantages of a paper based system. Disadvantages of a paper based system. 1. Portable/ Easy to carry place to place. 2. No training needed to operate the paper based system. 3. Keep securely in a locked place so no one can enter the cards containing the details. 1. Messy looks unprofessional. 2. Takes up space. 3. If any alteration takes place this can make the information untidy. 4. Confusion 2 people might have the same names. 5. The writing needs to be readable by all members of the staff. My chosen solution is using a Microsoft access, which is a database that I can create the system on. There will be a series of subtasks I will need to collect the information using a data collection form or through an interview. This will help me to collect the data. I will need to design the structure of the data capture form such as columns and a menu page also I need to design a data entry form. The data that will be inputted in the database is the records and the details. And finally I need to make sure that the information that is inputted into the database is valid and correct. Read also  Case 302 July in Multiplex To advertise my business I will use a poster or a leaflet to advertise it to the customers so they are aware that the business is new to the area and is open to the public. I can use many different methods to advertise my business I could use billboards, Leaflet, radio and poster. Poster Advantages of the leaflet Disadvantages of the leaflet 1. Instant Visual Impact 2. Relatively Cheap 3. Can be seen by a large number of people if strategically placed. 1. Limited amount of information is presented 2. It’s difficult to measure effectiveness. Radio Advantages of the Radio Disadvantages of the Radio 1. Relatively cheap 2. Most of the customers will hear the advertisement on the Radio. 3. Most groups and many age ranges covered. 1. Not visual 2. No copy of the material 3. Have to rely on the target audience listening at the correct time. My chosen solution is the poster; I will use the poster to advertise my business to the public. As you can see there are many advantages and disadvantages of using the radios and the billboards to advertise the business the method I will use is the poster because this way is more efficient and easy to do. I will design a draft of the poster on Microsoft and I will design it also on Microsoft word and then I will distribute it to the customers.

How Forward Contracts and Currency Futures could be Used by TIR Plc Assignment

How Forward Contracts and Currency Futures could be Used by TIR Plc - Assignment Example The author of the paper states that forward contracts have differed from other currency deals with reference to the size, time period and settlement procedures.   Essentially forward contracts are executed over-the-counter (OTC) basically because those contracts are more conveniently executed through telephone and online trading activities worldwide without any trading place or transactions.  The asset in this instance is the currency of a country. In the same manner currency futures involve agreements by two parties to deliver and accept a financial asset on a future specified date. The difference between the two is based on the fact that Forward contracts are traded over the counter, i.e. they are fixed contracts which are not subject to any exchange. On the other hand currency futures are subject to exchange trading. Therefore they are standardized and need to be carried out through a party that would accept the exchange. Currency futures thus involve a margin while forward co ntracts have no such margins. Since currency futures are based on an exchange the degree of risk is mitigated while forward contracts carry a greater degree of risk.  For example, if the interest rate in the United States is 7%, then the future value of a dollar in 1 year would be $1.07. Thus Futures are highly standardized, being exchange-traded, whereas forwards can be unique, being over-the-counter. Therefore in the case of physical delivery by the subsidiaries of the TIR Plc, the forward contract specifies to whom to make the delivery. The counterparty for delivery on a futures contract is chosen by the clearinghouse. The parent company in the UK is expecting $1.4 million by 1st of December, i.e. after three months from its US subsidiary. Thus according to the interest rate futures, the sum of US dollars received by the parent company would be  $1.4m X 1.6280 = $2.2792 because at the end of the three month period the US dollar would be worth 1.6280.  

Resource Creation and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Resource Creation and Evaluation - Essay Example Increased use of internet provides an opportunity for interactive learning environment. In this vein, innovations such as Blackboard, Angel and WebCT have been found to support interactive learning environment (Samaras et al., 2006). Such innovations are used when chatting between students and their instructors, to receive assignments, view grades and remain connected to the learning institution. In addition, they have allowed teachers an opportunity to teach in an interactive learning environment. The development of such new technologies and increased research has transformed the way people think. Further, emergence of interactive teaching platforms has led educators to transform the ways in which they teach their students. This study will focuses on the use of online Blackboard to teach Physics to second year high school students. Needs Assessment With recent technological advances, the educational systems continue to adjust in order to meet the present societal needs. The fact tha t knowledge users are required to incorporate technology to befit present societal demands has brought additional responsibilities to producers of such knowledge. A decade ago, a glance at the Australian curricula revealed an inward looking system of education that was limited to classroom environment where a teacher and a group of students held discussions (Wieman & Perkins, 2005).. However, this mode of learning has proved ineffective particularly for science subjects that involve concepts. This notion has affirmed the traditional system of education inadequate and the existing educational materials hardly enough to meet the present education demands. To fill the existing gap, curriculum developers have come up with various online platforms that allow students to use the search engine to access diverse learning materials interact with instructors’ online, book and sit their examinations, make enquiries through chatting with fellow students and instructors among many others. Interactive learning via online Blackboard Evidently, use of online blackboard has greatly enhanced teaching Physics in high school. This is because it creates an opportunity of having visual illustrations that are critical for mastering the subject. Such online illustrations not only enables students to understand, but also allows them visual identification of diagrams hence ability to preserve them than they could have done in verbal descriptions. Further, such demonstrations highlight physics concepts leaving students to give physical explanations. Interestingly, this mode of learning commands attentiveness from the audience. In teaching Physics, the online Blackboard can be used in numerous ways. For instance, it has been used in Physics laboratory curricula since it provides real-time access to data required for the experiment. Unlike the traditional methods, a student can watch a real event as it is performed experimentally. Further, the Blackboard has also proved helpful dur ing interactive lectures. The online Blackboard enables teachers to plan and teach Physics as well as instructing students using integrated technology. On

New Urbanism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

New Urbanism - Research Paper Example Ryans article seems to be merely reporting, but contains an undercurrent of argument that things will be better by recreating the past in public places with new technology. Although Kunstler, Davis, and Ryan seem at odds with one another, they are arguing for the same thing: the revitalization of an urban America that will increase public happiness by re-integrating people with their environment and one another. James Kunstlers essay is essentially a lament for the America of the past. He makes his point by contrasting the American cities and towns of today with those of the past, with those of France, and with Disneyland. The reason that Americans find Disneyland so popular, he says, is that â€Å"The design quality of Disney World ... is about 1.5 notches better than the average American suburban shopping mall or housing subdivision† (Kunstler ). This is vastly different from the situation in France, where â€Å"the most mediocre French street quarter† is five times better (Kunstler ). The reason for this, Kunstler argues, is that after World War II Americans stopped building things to last. A related problem is that of zoning. Before World War II, zoning did not exist. Instead, people had â€Å"a popular consensus about the right way to assemble a town† (Kunstler ). This resulted in cities that reflected American culture, instead of a meaningless set of laws. As a solution to both problems—the decay of building to last and the rise of soulless zoning laws—Kunstler holds up what he calls Civic Art, but which our textbook calls New Urbanism. He defines the most important part of this movement as the neighborhood, which is â€Å"a five-minute walking distance †¦ from the edge to the center† and where â€Å"wheeled vehicles are permitted, but do not take precedence over human needs, including aesthetic needs† (Kunstler ). Only by moving away from the drab suburban sprawl which fills us with nostalgia and back to

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interpreting Financial Results - Essay Example l turnover reduced in the year 2011 and 2012 .The working capital ratio also reduced in the year 2013.This ratio indicates the extent to which, the working capital has been utilized in the creation of sales revenue. This is computed by dividing the total number of the days by the inventory turnover. ITT Co.s average inventory processing period increased in the year 2011 and 2012.However, the ratio slightly reduced in the year 2013. This is the sum of the inventory-processing period plus the average revenue collection period. Boeing Co.s operating cycle improved from 2011 to 2012 but then deteriorated significantly from 2012 to 2013. Average Payables Payment Period is the period the company takes to pay its creditors. The payment period is computed by dividing the total number of payables by payable turnover ratio. ITT Co.s average payables payment period reduced in the year 2011 and 2012 (Bruce, 2009).Additionally, the ratio also reduced in the year

Way to quick smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Way to quick smoking - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to discuss ways to quit smoking. Smoking is a very unhealthy that can lead to lung cancer and other health problems. According to the American Lung Association every year over 460,000 American citizens die from cigarette smoking (Lungusa). The faster a person decides the quit greater the chance the individual has to increase his / her lifespan. Quitting smoking is very difficult. One of the first things a person that makes the decision to quit should do is to look for a support group of friends and family to help them along the process. There are actual withdraw symptoms associated with getting of cigarettes. Some of these symptoms include: anxiety, nervousness, depression, sleeping disorders, attention deficit, hunger, and inability to concentrate among others. I have a cousin that has quit 3 times and he has always come back to the cigarette. He provided with a real life example of the reality that quitting smoking is extremely difficult. There are ways to quit smoking. Four products available in the marketplace to help a smoker get of the cigarettes are pills, nicotine patches, nicotine gum and electronic cigarettes. Two of the most commonly used pills to quit smoking are Zyban and Chantix. These must be prescribed by a doctor. A person attempting to quit smoking along with a support group should seek the assistance and advice of medical professional to help the person along in the process. Nicotine patches and pills are available over the counter and represent a cheap substitute that can help the person along in the process because it is proving the active ingredient in the cigarette, nicotine, which makes people so addicted. Electronic cigarettes are the newest method to quit smoking. The product has become very popular in Europe and most manufacturers of this alternative solution are Chinese based companies. The electronic cigarette is basically a

Comparing Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparing Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example One of the key problems involved in the debate on justification of political authority is the balance between limitations imposed by any political authority and individual freedom. On the one hand, freedom is exceptionally important to the life of a person in many senses. On the other hand, an individual can not be allowed to act solely at his or her will: there must be certain rules for behavior. Establishing this balance between individual freedom and interests of the community is the key task of any state and government which acts like a stabilizer. In case this balance is in place, the highest level of individual freedom is achieved while the risk of falling into total anarchy is avoided (Popper, 1985). According to Thomas Hobbes, in prehistoric uncivilized times before any sort of government emerged, there was constant war with â€Å"every man, against every man† (Hobbes, 1668, p.12). Consequently, Hobbesian justification of authority logically followed from the total brutality of human beings in their natural state characterized by intolerance: submission to authority was the only way to eliminate the brutality and intolerance of the State of Nature (Hobbes, 1668). By contrast, John Locke believed that the original state of man was not as hostile as Hobbes thought. In Locke’s opinion happiness, reason and tolerance were the core characteristics of the natural man, and all humans, in their original state, were equal and absolutely free to pursue things, considered as indisputable rights, namely â€Å"†¦life, health, liberty and possessions† (Locke, 1990, par. 6). However, Locke’s State of Nature is not chaotic with every individual pursuing its own egoistic goals. Despite absence of any authority or government with the power to punish the subjects for wrong actions, Locke believed that the State of Nature was effectively regulated by morality. Since all human beings in the

From the novel The Good Earth Analyze Wang Lung Include his values, Essay

From the novel The Good Earth Analyze Wang Lung Include his values, what he loves, a chronology of the changes in his character - Essay Example The essay aims to analyse the moral character of Wang Lung in the novel. The essay examines the changes within his character throughout the novel and the chronology of changes in his thoughts and beliefs throughout the novel. The novel depicts Wang Lung as a poor, simple and hardworking farmer. He was born and raised in a small Chinese village. He was around twenty years of age at the beginning of the novel. He possesses great value for the Chinese traditions and gives considerable importance to duties to the family and filial piety. Wang held the belief that land brings happiness and wealth to the people and is great source of prosperity and richness. He was forced to marry a slave after which his life turned and he became owner of a land that made him wealthy patriarch. However, his success could be regarded as a mixed blessing because while achieving the piece of land, wealth and influence he lost his simplicity and values as found him unable to practice the norms calling for love for land and family. The novel shows the character of Wang marked with two important and contrary features. On one hand, he had great love for the land, traditions and family that allow him possessing good sense, work ethics, frugality and family love however, on the other hand, he had great desire for wealth and status in his heart and he want to get over his poverty and lo w social status. The novel depicts the change occurred within his moral and social status that brought several important changes in his life. As he got wealth and status, he lost his connection to the world and also found him unable to participate in the old traditions. These traditions were of great importance in his life and thus losing these values and norms was great setback for him and he experienced major transformation is his moral character. He used to give great value to the land and his live for earth keep his character on right track. Most of the part of the story shows him a person with true heart h aving great love for the earth however, his character was spoiled by his desire for land and status after which his moral character became a dark feature of his personality. In the end, he regret and decide to rebuilt his connection with the land but his desire for status was not over rather it was transferred to his sons and he saw in his old age that his sons were also making the same mistakes that he made in his life by breaking the connections with the land that actually has the tendency of providing wealth, happiness and status to the people. Wang was living a simple life as a countryman however when his father arrange bride for him he had to go to the town to bring her. He was afraid of facing the people in the town because he was a simple man living a simple life. He goes to the House of Hwang to collect his wife but he was not able to adequately behave with the wealthy people. He suffered from inferiority complex through he does not resent his low status but facing wealthy p eople made him highly conscious about his social status. This consciousness also compelled him committing certain acts against his nature and character. He was an honest person but he got involved in the stealing of wealth when he got chance to change his conditions. When it became difficult for him to manage livelihood for his family he moved towards south and tries to earn money carrying a rickshaw. During an incident he found that a rich house has been broken by mob where there was large amount of silver

Critically evaluate Karl Barth's theology of religion and work Essay

Critically evaluate Karl Barth's theology of religion and work - Essay Example Barth work resulted to great effect on how the society interprets and apply Christian teachings. The unpopular and radical approach of Barthian theological thinking about work and Sabbath earned him great criticisms from the mainstream society but his work remains an important component of the current theological scholars and knowledge about Christianity faith. Barth claims that work or human labor is solely utilitarian intended to keep us alive. In this regard, he emphasizes on the importance of observing Sabbath, in order for man to resist the temptation of worshipping work at the expense of serving God (Hughes, 2007). In Barth ideology of Sabbath, the command to rest does not validate man to work for the remaining days of the week. He argues that Sabbath should take precedence of all other activities that man does for the service of God, so that He can reveal His purpose for him. Therefore, Sabbath day according to Barth (2009) gives the meaning and direction of man’s activ ities for the rest of his working days in the week. During Sabbath, man should not consider it as leisure or passive time but rather a day to join God in celebrating His Creation (Barth, 2009). Work or active life is not entirely, what God requires from man, but an activity that man does for survival (Barth, 2009). In this case, Barth argues that Jesus Christ called his disciples to abandon their work and follow him in his ministry but not join work. From his arguments, it is not necessary for man to work because it is worldly and cannot lead to salvation. I disagree with Barth’s opinion on work and Sabbath. When God was creating the universe, all Creations were made in six days and on the seventh day, He rested (Alister, 1999). In this case, God did not rest and then proceed to the work of creation. Though man’s activities do not add up to God’s creations, his actions have a profound effect on the entire universe and its inhabitants. God created man to be the m aster of the universe and its creations, and to fulfill the purpose, man must work not only for his own survival, but for the sake of other creations (Alister, 1999). In poor and underprivileged societies, rest days are liability to such people who struggle hard to afford even a single meal in a day. To such people, taking a break from work in Sabbath amounts to starvation, psychological suffering including anxiety, self-humiliation and depression. Thus, considering economic and social status of people, Barth idea of work and Sabbath is a luxury only the rich can afford. A true Sabbath should result after six days of working earnestly, without deceit or oppression, so that all people regardless of their economic status can fellowship with God and celebrate His Creation. 2. Critically evaluate an issue affecting employers or employees in relation to religious faith and practice Different religions have distinct practices that they instill on their followers and believers. These pract ices normally dictate their daily activities such as mode of dressing, nutrition, duties and responsibilities, health, ways of praying among other behaviors. Alister ( 1999) noted that strict observation of these practices determine the commitment of the believers and more importantly, their desire to attain the highest form of spiritual purity dictated by the teachings of the respective religious denomination. Many religious teachings from diverse backgrounds contain punitive measures meted on followers who fail to comply with the said practices. The punishments are normally carried out by the leaders and/or, adherents of the particular religious grouping on the errant followers (Alister, 1999).

The Women of Full Metal Jacket Essay Example for Free

The Women of Full Metal Jacket Essay In Stanley Kubricks Full Metal Jacket, it is difficult to determine the role that women play simply because of the glaring lack of female characters. In total, only three women actually appear in the movie, and two of those are prostitutes; the third isnt revealed as a woman until the final 10 minutes of the film, and none of them are given names. In fact, until the snipers gender is revealed, women only play a role as objects for the soldiers amusement. In all interactions between the genders, it is obvious that the male soldiers always hold complete power over the women, able to bargain their services down to a paltry five dollars per soldier. For one of the prostitutes, a soldier even effectively acts as her pimp, determining whom she services and for how much. In contrast, the role of the female sniper completely flips this gendered scheme of power-relations by using an intermediary, her rifle, to gain power over the male soldiers. For these G.I.s, the idea that women dont exist on the battlefield is hammered into them from boot camp. This process starts when the drill instructor marches into the barracks and instructs his soldiers that they should give their gun a female name and sleep with it at night because it will be the only female company they will receive during their tour of duty. In this manner, the soldiers are directed to receive the same sort of pleasure from killing and battle that they would normally expect from a full relationship with a woman. On a more abstract level, giving the gun a female name also establishes a mindset that women are tools (another name the drill instructor frequently uses to describe the rifle) in order to achieve pleasure for the soldier. In the battlefield, the soldiers subscribe to this philosophy wholeheartedly; taking their gun with them everywhere while leaving their transitory relationships with behind. Similarly, the complete lack of female soldiers in the army se ts up an expectation in their minds that all soldiers are male: all soldiers uses their women to kill. The introduction of the female sniper severely breaks all of these preconceptions for the American soldiers in several ways. First, she is a complete departure from the previous female characters in the film. Rather  than being subservient to the male G.I.s she dominates them, driving them away from an otherwise abandoned city. By using a rifle, she is in fact co-opting the tools of masculine domination that the American forces have relied on. By taking a tool that the men have identified as female, she is using her own femininity against them as a way of reversing the traditional power roles that the soldiers have come to expect. Secondly, her presence and the close proximity in which she is killed provides a more human and softer face than some of the soldiers had previously experienced. Joker in particular seems horrified by the facts of war once he is able to see the female sniper up close after she has been shot down. While some of the other soldiers are in favor of letting her suffer, Joker wants to effectively euthanize her. However, even when he makes the decision to shoot her one final time he has significant difficultly coming to grips with shooting a woman. In this way, the sniper once again demonstrates the power of her gender by forcing Joker, a self-described killer, to hesitate. Thus we can see that by making the sniper a female, Kubrick effectively utilizes her gender as a method of reversing the power roles established early in the movie and continued throughout.

Academic Integrity Essay Example for Free

Academic Integrity Essay Andre Gide once said: â€Å"Be faithful to that which exists within yourself.† That is, even if cheating does not hurt others, it hurts the one who cheats. This is the meaning of integrity. It means acting in a way of which one can be proud. This concept can easily be applied to academics. Specifically, it is important to generate your own ideas and information rather than using the internet to do all of the thinking for you. This is the problem with modern students: rather than actually going to the library to do some traditional research using books (the publication of which requires heavy scrutiny), the average student prefers to â€Å"Google† the information (the publication of which requires nothing more than internet access). Thus, students often find themselves in a position where their academic integrity is called into question; it is far too easy to copy and paste information when one feels a great deal of stress to complete an assignment. When it comes to academics, modern students should strive to have more integrity. See more: Unemployment problems and solutions essay More often than not, the average student seeks an immediate answer by going into Google and asking it a question. This passes for â€Å"research† today. The trouble with this method is that, once an obstacle is encountered, the average student declares, â€Å"I could not find any research on my subject.† Beyond the fact that the research skills are poor, the next issue is the fact that, once the student finds research, he or she does not know what to do with the information. That is, there appears to be no attempt at explaining the significance of the research, or asking substantial questions in response to it. Rather, students will copy the information into their own assignments as if to say, â€Å"There! I’ve written a research paper because I did research and I inserted it into my paper.† This is where academic integrity comes in. Having academic integrity means that one does research properly. It means that one actively seeks out answers to questions, and goes beyond the surface of what one found. One does not simply collect information and ideas like a child collects rocks for display; one makes an honest attempt to â€Å"get to the bottom† of an issue, so to speak. Furthermore, academic integrity means that, when submitting one’s work, one always ensures that proper credit is given for all ideas and information that were not generated by the writer himself or herself. I implore you to consider the academic value of the research you are doing. Are you doing it to better yourself and demonstrate your learning? Are you being â€Å"faithful to that which exists within yourself† as Gide asks? Or are you simply taking a shortcut and shortchanging yourself?

Anti Federalist Arguments The Needed Balance

Anti Federalist Arguments The Needed Balance The year was 1787; delegates were convening at the State House in Philadelphia, the same location where the Declaration of Independence had been signed eleven years earlier.   There, 55 representatives came together for four months to frame a Constitution for a federal republic.   The reason for their convergence on Philadelphia was to revise the Articles of Confederation.   Since 1781 the Articles hindered the needed progress of the thirteen United States.   Rather than a united confederation, states were autonomous causing compromise and cooperation to be in short supply.   The Articles left most of the power with the state governments as a response to fears of re-creating a centralized power similar to Britain.   The burgeoning responsibilities of states were being impeded by several Articles, one being the lack of a revenue stream.   Under the Articles, Congress lacked authority to levy taxes.   It could request the states to contribute a share to the common treas ury, but the amounts gained through this mode of collection were not sufficient. To remedy this particular defect, Congress proposed an amendment that applied to the states for power to lay duties and secure the public debts. The amendment was agreed to by twelve out of thirteen states, with only Rhode Island refusing its consent, thereby defeating the proposal.   Articles 3 and 13 both required all thirteen states to agree in order to pass any legislation.   To overcome the necessity of thirteen states, early in the deliberations delegates voted that only nine states would be required to ratify the constitution.   This change made a difference to the process of ratification.   No longer could Rhode Island or any other state keep the whole from collective progress by one abstaining vote.   The Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proceeded with men from every state but Rhode Island, as they deliberated over the necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation the y all agreed that unfortunately, the Articles were not worth amending or saving.   Amid great secrecy they begin to write or â€Å"frame† a new constitution. As the delegates analyzed the Articles of Confederation, they noted many points that were to be part of the new document.   One was an executive branch; in affect the Articles disallowed an executive branch to enforce the laws, nor a national court system to interpret them. The question arose in 1689, a hundred years earlier, by social philosophers such as John Locke, who were arguing the need for an executive to have the power to enforce laws that are enacted by the people.   Under the Articles of Confederation in 1787, Congress was the sole organ of the national government without the ability to force the states to do anything against their will. Congress could in theory declare war and call for an army to be raised, but it could not force any state to provide its assigned quota for troops or arms or the equipment needed to support them. Due to their autonomy, the states were impervious to the threat of force or punishment, leaving Congress at a loss for the income needed to fi nance its activities.   Should a state or states not chose to participate Congress could not punish them for not contributing their share of the federal budget.    In relation to finance and monetary controls, the states controlled taxation and tariffs within their state, and each state could issue its own legal tender.   To this point, the states were more likened to European countries with disputes over borders, different currency and differing governments. Such significant differences caused disputes to arise between the states. Undoubtedly there were many unsettled quarrels over state boundaries and currency issues in regard to trade.   In the end, the only role that Congress could play was of mediator and judge without the force needed to require states to accept its decisions.    With so many contradictory Articles governing the country, a secure future seemed lost due to the many factors that would from past experience, never come together.  Ã‚   For the most part , the nations government, under the Articles of Confederation, seemed like a body without arms and legs.   From May to September 1787 a completely new and improved articles of confederation were written and called the Constitution.   The proposed Constitution was the tool that would presumably lay the foundation for future generations in governance of America.   The purpose and job of the Constitution was to correct the faulty Articles of Confederation and ensure greater central government strength and allow states to proceed as before with greater security and ability.   This was the hope but, the message was not received with the same understanding by the people.   Each state sized up its own unique situation and by calling their own ratification conventions, discussed the issues to determine if the proposed constitution would guarantee existing rights and benefit the state as a whole and not just portions of it.   After the work was completed the â€Å"framers came to an agreement on a final draft of the Constitution on September 17, 1787, after which they signed and prepare d to send it to the people for ratification. American people were now faced with a daunting task.   The whole of the nation had arrived at an important moment of their existence as a union.   Each state had matured at its own rate and grown into its geographical area by putting to use the natural resources each had to work with.   In doing so, they created and built an infrastructure and their own economic stability.   The American states were asked to enter into a federal covenant that would guide and by law regulate the countrys population in trade, commerce, security, and foreign relations. This question became Americas first political argument and one of the most important.   When the final draft was ready for public discourse and ratification not all thirteen states agreed with the entire document.   Smaller states found, what they believed were flaws that withdrew power from the individual states and gave it to the central government, which too many was against the American ideology of independence.   As a reaction to the many questions and concerns the American people were expressing a trio of men came together.   They were physically only 30 years old yet; they were indeed older through the acquisition of political experience, knowledge, and power.   For example, Alexander Hamilton served as a captain and as Washingtons aide-de-camp during the Revolution, he distinguished himself at the bar after victory, and by 1787 was already a prominent figure in the creation of the infant nation. The next man James Madison, by contrast, was more the pensive philosopher than the bold statesman. A lifelong student of philosophy, history, and law, particularly the law of nations, Madison would, despite his shyness, be a commanding presence and driving force at the constitutional convention.    However, it was John Jay who was the most experienced of all three by the time the Constitutional Convention was called. Aside from having served the fledgling republic as a masterful negotiator, a diplomat, and even, for a time, as its president, Jay was the only one to have had direct experience in Europe.   And so by 1787, all three gentlemen were indeed old with experience, well prepared to meet the challenges of the task at hand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taking the lead in pushing for ratification, in 1787 these three politicos decided that in order for the new Constitution to be ratified there would have to be a saturation of the issues at hand in the newspapers.   They, along with other men, wrote their arguments for the Constitution and came to be known as the Federalists.   In the same spirit as the Federalists emerged their counterparts, the anti-Federalists.   Both sides published statements, essays, and their opinions on why the proposed constitution should or should not be accepted and ratified. Each group of men was driven by their beliefs and together they fought for what they thought was important for their country.   The anti-Federalist later went by the name of Republican and the Democratic Republican, they spoke for many of the smaller states and their constituents, who had fought and sacrificed along with American forces for the victory over Britain.   They had foresight in their convictions which continue to serve the country today.   The Federalists were influential intellectuals who believed in the Constitution, and believed that it was the perfect model of government to achieve a just society.   Under the proposed Constitution, the American people could enjoy their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Generally, Federalists were wealthy citizens, highly educated professionals, who in most cases were lawyers and their supporters followed suit by being Propertied and educated people.   In their arguments for the provisions of the Constitution, Federalists stated that if the Constitution had sections or certain language that did not work, amendments could be made. Their arguments were decidedly their strongest weapon in their pursuit to educate the public.   Alexander Hamilton was first to publish the Federalists first argument for ratification of the Constitution.   His opening words grabbed his audience: AFTER an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the subsisting federal government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States of America. The subject speaks its own importance; comprehending in its consequences nothing less than the existence of the UNION, the safety and welfare of the parts of which it is composed, the fate of an empire in many respects the most interesting in the world. Hamilton had offered the perfect statement on the weight of the matter before them as a country, during this most august period of American history.   Of this there was no argument.   Yet, as the essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Madison, and John Jay began filtering throughout the states there came responses from their counterparts, the anti-Federalists.   They were somewhat less organized than the Federalists, not owing to any financial benefice and served to represent the strong opposition to the idea of states loss of power to a federal government.   The response given to the Federalists essays began with an author known as â€Å"A FEDERALIST†: I am pleased to see a spirit of inquiry burst the band of constraint upon the subject of the NEW PLAN for consolidating the governments of the United States, as recommended by the late Convention. If it is suitable to the GENIUS and HABITS of the citizens of these states, it will bear the strictest scrutiny. The PEOPLE are the grand inquest who have a RIGHT to judge of its merits. The hideous daemon of Aristocracy has hitherto had so much influence as to bar the channels of investigation, preclude the people from inquiry and extinguish every spark of liberal information of its qualities. Thus the war of words had commenced, a thought at that moment might have been, shall we as a public agree to the Constitution as written or shall we, for all future generations, dissect and analyze the document before placing our hand in agreement?   The American people read the essays, listened at town hall meetings, and fueled public dialogue to full head by complete dissemination of the issues at hand offered by both groups of authors.   Their writings were strong, psychological, emotional, and called to the heart of the population to come together for the benefit of the whole and not the one.   The anti-Federalists included some very impressive notables such as Patrick Henry, James Winthrop, Robert Yates, George Clinton, James Monroe, and Thomas Jefferson. Not all contributed to the essays.   Those who did, rather than using their own names, took their cue from the Federalists and used pseudonyms.   The anti-Federalist writers shared a considerably wider range of views. Common concerns were expressed by authors known as Brutus and A Federal Farmer.Robert Yates was known to be â€Å"Brutus† but, the identity of A Federal Farmer was never confirmed. One of the key points these two men made regarded the necessary and proper clause.   The Necessary and Proper Clause, also referred to as the Elastic, Basket, and the Sweeping Clause is the provision in Article One of the United States Constitution, section 8, clause 18: The Congress shall have Power To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. This clause gave Congress the power to make laws which were necessary to execute all powers vested in the Constitution. The anti-Federalists argued that the Constitution only had the power to do what it states it can, and that nothing should be presupposed by the government. In other words, the government should never use the necessary and proper clause as a blanket grant of power†.   Anti-Federalist were men who understood from their recent involvement with the Revolution that giving too much power to a national government could foster tyrannical desires for more power.   The aristocratic elite and moneyed men would govern for their own states and personal benefit without any concern for the smaller states needs.   Further, the anti-Federalist felt Americans had been given empty promises and after fighting for independence their own independence and ability to provide for their families would become extinct if the Constitution was ratified as it was written.   The prim ary fear was that while a republican government was desirable in order to defend liberty, it was not possible over a large geographic area, such as the United States, because it had never been accomplished before. The fall of the Roman Empire was an implosion, a reaction to inadequate governing of an area to vast to control. The other major pitfall of republics had been class war, something that the Founding Fathers had seen in the recent Shays Rebellion. From 1781 to 1787 there was much consternation within the borders of the United States.   From an extract of a letter from James Madison to George Washington, Feb. 3, 1788, we can read sentiments received from Boston from a member of the convention there: Never was there an assembly in this state in possession of greater ability and information than the present convention, yet I am in doubt whether they will approve the constitution. There are, unhappily, three parties opposed to it. First: All men who are in favor of paper money and tender laws. Those are more or less in every part of the state. Second: All the late insurgents and their abettors. In the three great western counties they are very numerous. We have in the convention eighteen or twenty who were actually in Shays army. Shays Rebellion was an example of the small farmers and independents who had their land and homes threatened to be taken from them.   An armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts, centering in Springfield from 1786 to 1787, Shays rebellion represented the poor compatriots farmers angered by what they felt to be crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtors prisons or the claiming of property by the County.   The leader of the Rebellion, Daniel Shays, was himself a veteran of the American Revolution who found himself engulfed in the issue and fought for a way out.    The rebellion was still fresh on the minds of many, causing the mood among the last states to ratify to be thick with opposition and strong sentiments against the contents of the constitution.   The last states to accept the proposed constitution were New York, North Carolina, Virginia, and Rhode Island.   New York presented the problem in its simplest form, the entire mass of interior counties, from Ulster to Columbia, were solidly anti-Federal, encompassing the agricultural portion of the state, the last arrived and settled, and the most thinly populated.   Governor George Clinton of New York wrote on one of the important issues among the anti-Federalists.   From the following extract of a letter from New York, July 20, 1788, George Clinton was quoted as saying, if they ratify the constitution, they must by heavy taxes support their government, which is now wholly done by the impost, etc.   This with the Mynheers is a weighty argument.   George Clinton went on to write, In Opposition to Destruction of States Rights, the following: The premises on which the new form of government is erected, declares a consolidation or union of all thirteen parts into one great whole, under the firm of the United States But whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United Statesthe dissimilitude of interests, morals, and politics in almost every one, will receive it as an intuitive truth, that a consolidated republican form of government therein, can never form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posteritythis unkindred legislature therefore, composed of interests opposite and dissimilar in nature, will in its exercise, emphatically be like a house divided against itself Clinton continued that from his prospective there were no promises that could be made secure â€Å"on the score of consolidation of the United States into one government.†Ã‚   Impracticability, risk, ambitious, and aggrandizement, oppression, intricate and perplexed became words to describe the proposed constitution.   Clinton ended by saying that the proposed constitution was â€Å"too mysterious for you to understand and observe; and by which you are to be conducted into a monarchy, either limited or despotic† Interpretation and understanding by the common man was an important factor for the anti-Federalist arguments against the Constitution.   Writing on states rights, Federalist No. 6 author stated, â€Å"A great danger exists in the competition between states themselves if they are left entirely to their own sovereignty, with no unifying government. Men are by their nature ambitious, and independent states will naturally compete with one another for love of power, control of commerce and domination of territory.† The response from anti-Federalist explained that a strong state government was better than a strong central government. To them if the central government was too strong then it would threaten the peoples liberties and right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.   What rights did the people have under the proposed Constitution?   This issue was the next mountain to cross towards ratification. Anti-Federalist Patrick Henry, who wrote Need for a Bill of Rights felt: this proposal of altering our federal government is of a most alarming nature!. You ought to be watchful, jealous of your liberty; for, instead of securing your rights, you may lose them forevera wrong step made now will plunge us into misery, and our republic will be lost, and tyranny must and will arise The argument over the Bill of Rights was arguably the most important issue for the ratification of the constitution.   Their necessity appeared to be of greater importance in order to calm the states.   Patrick Henry added these words in his observation of the matter, â€Å"We are told that all powers not given are reserved. I am sorry to bring forth hackneyed observations. But, Sir, important truths lose nothing of their validity or weight, by frequency of repetition.†Ã‚   Rather than infer the rights of the people, â€Å"all rights not expressly and unequivocally reserved to the people are impliedly and incidentally relinquished to rulers, as necessarily inseparable from the delegated powers if implication be allowed, you are ousted of those rights,† they would be declared.   This argument was one of the turning points for the final states ratification of the Constitution.   Henry continued his essay on the essential need for the bill of rights by explaining: Without a Bill of Rights, you will exhibit the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the world saw  ­ a government that has abandoned all its powers  ­ the powers of taxation, the sword, and the purse. You have disposed of them to Congress, without a Bill of Rights  ­ without check, limitation, or control You have Bill of Rights to defend against a state government, which is bereaved of all its power, and yet you have none against Congress, thought in full and exclusive possession of all power! The Bill of Rights was important to the American people and by promising to make amendments and provide a draft of a Bill of Rights the delegates began to revisit their stance toward acceptance of the proposed constitution.   The â€Å"Bill† was demanded by the anti-Federalists in New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island where the battle for ratification was not clear. In these states the voting was a lot closer than in the states that first decided to ratify. The Federalists however had strong opposition to a Bill of Rights. Robert Yates, writing under the pseudonym Brutus, articulated this view point in the Anti-Federalist No. 84, asserting that a government unrestrained by such a bill could easily devolve into tyranny. Other supporters of the Bill argued that a list of rights would not, should not, and could not be interpreted as exhaustive; these rights were examples of important rights people had, along with other rights as well. Many concerned with the final interpretation of the Bill of Rights were confident that the judiciary would construe these rights in a liberal fashion. Fortunately, the Ninth Amendment would clarify the matter by addressing the rights of the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.   The arguments were just getting started, representation was of extreme importance to the smaller states who felt their position and voices would be extinguished if their representation was not equal to the larger states, who by virtue of their size may attempt to dominate on issues against those states with less representation.   The fear was understandable.   The Deep South would go to war over such issues as representation.   Melancton Smith, a New York representative at the Convention, wrote his views on the issue of representation for the anti-Federalists stating: When we speak of representatives they resemble those they represent. They should be a true picture of the people, possess a knowledge of their circumstances and their wants, sympathize in all their distresses, and be disposed to seek their true interests. Smith believed that the â€Å"knowledge necessary† for the true representative of a free people should include a comprehension of: extensive political and commercial information, such as is acquired by men of refined education, who have leisure to attain to high degrees of improvement, but it should also comprehend that kind of acquaintance with the common concerns and occupations of the people, which men of the middling class of life are, in general, more competent to than those of a superior class. In order to represent a state, its inner structure must be understood.   The true commercial interests of a country are not the only requirement for representation but also, and most importantly, â€Å"a knowledge of the productions of your own country, and their value, what your soil is capable of producing, the nature of your manufactures, the capacity of the country to increase both.† In the area of laying taxes, duties, and exercises with discretion requires knowledge of the system of finance.   A representative should also know about the people of his country, their circumstances and a general understanding of their economic commerce and ability.   They should also understand, â€Å"how the burdens imposed will bear upon the different classes.†Ã‚   Representatives should be from all walks and levels, not just elite citizens but, those of the â€Å"middling class of life.†Ã‚   Smith, as well as others, had a real concern that most bodies of the government were composed of the first class in the community and by distinguishing them by class, it would appear that the government would fall into the hands of the â€Å"few and the great.†Ã‚   In order to relieve the delegates of unrelenting concern Smith offered the following insight on representation: This will be a government of oppressionA system of corruption is known to be the system of government in Europe it will be attempted among us. The most effectual as well as natural security against this is a strong democratic branch in the legislature, frequently chosen, including in it a number of the substantial, sensible, yeomanry of the country. Does the House of Representatives answer this description? I confess, to me they hardly wear the complexion of a democratic branch; they appear the mere shadow of representation. The anti-Federalists were important to the final outcome of the ratification process because they poised questions that made the American people stop and think about what they were agreeing to and what they may lose or gain as a consequence of the proposed Constitutions acceptance.   Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S., from his own beliefs regarding the ratification of the Constitution, feared it would grant too much power to the U.S. government.   Jefferson thought it should be up to the states to govern themselves with a â€Å"hands-off† approach and strictly limited interference of the national government.   The funny thing about Jefferson, figurehead of the anti-Federalists was for a long time he would not choose sides between the Federalists and the anti-Federalists, because of his anti-political party sentiment. He found both sides arguments compelling, he was for a strong central government, which was more of a Federalists view. But, the argument that brought Thomas Jefferson to the anti-Federalist side was Alexander Hamiltons implied powers.   Implied powers were powers which were not stated directly in the Constitution, in other words powers that were assumed by the government. Jefferson was totally against this, he believed that the Constitution could do the things which the Constitution states it can and nothing should be assumed, strict construction. This disagreement would become a great feud between Hamilton and Jefferson, evolving into the first real battle of political parties for election in office. It should be noted that there were conflicting personalities among the â€Å"framers† and their anti-Federalist opposition. When comparing and contrasting anti-Federalist views on the ratification of the United States Constitution with those of the Federalists, one must also consider the inherent relationship that represents their respective views upon principles, problems and solutions, ultimately surmising which side best reflects or departs from the original principles set forth for the Declaration. It can be argued that the two sides are quite contrary in their individual perceptions, with each faction believing its own views are of primary integrity.   One of the major beliefs of the Federalists as pointed out at the Philadelphia convention was that a state should vote according to its population. This later became another big issue with the anti-Federalists and people from the smaller states. By comparison of the elite Federalist camp, the anti-Federalists were made up of anyone who was poor and not a big landowner, anyone tired of being controlled, anyone who wanted the peoples votes to directly count and anyone who wanted to protect their rights. The anti-Federalists were made up of all different types of people, who represented the United States population as a whole, far better than did the Federalists. The anti-Federalists wanted their power in the legislature, mainly the lower house where every state has one vote; and the terms of office to be shorter, with limits on how many terms you could serve. These officials were not to be elected by representatives but directly by the vote of the people of the United States. Finally, the only way the anti-Federalists would ever consider helping to ratify the Constitution was if it contained a Bill of Rights, which was believed essential for preserving the individual liberties of the people. It was the consensus of anti-Feder alist everywhere that without this document the government could control every aspect of a persons life. To them the Constitution without the Bill of Rights was just a weapon of the elite upper class over the poor. Individualism was the strongest element of opposition; the necessity, or at least the desirability, of a bill of rights was almost universally felt, and the anti-Federalists were able to play on these feelings in the ratification convention in Massachusetts in 1788. By this stage, five of the states had ratified the Constitution with relative ease; the Massachusetts convention however, was hostile and argumentative. In the fight for ratification of the proposed United States Constitution between Federalists and anti-Federalists propaganda played a large role on both sides.   Patrick Henry even saw the constitution as a revolutionary document much like Americas separation from Britain, he said I need not take much pains to show, that the principles of this system, are extremely pernicious, impolitic, and dangerous. Here is a revolution as radical as that which separated us from Great Britain.Despite the fact the Federalists and the anti-Federalists had opposing views regarding the constitution; both were headed for a common goal of forming a government that could run the country. Many anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution, as drafted would open the way to tyranny by the central government.   States rights, the Bill of Rights, and represenation were all heated subjects during the ratification phase.   The Bill added a comfort zone for the states; they needed security from the fear that the federal government could control them under a tyranny. States felt they would retain their rights through the freedoms afforded through the Bill of Rights.   These freedoms include freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, the right to deny refuge to soldiers, the right to privacy from search, trial by jury, innocent until proven guilty, the right to representation and to a speedy trial, no cruel and unusual punishment, the right to always have rights, and the right for states to rule on things not mentioned in the Constitution. None of this was possible under British rule; power was transferred from the center to the people. If the Constitution was ratified without the Bill of Rights, the central government could parlay its strength denying people these basic rights. As states made their decision through their own ratification conventions the nine states needed for ratification began voting.   The first state that ratified the Constitution, although its convention was not the first to assemble, was Delaware, followed by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut.   Ratification of the Constitution was four states away

To His Coy Mistress Essay -- English Literature

To His Coy Mistress Compare and Contrast â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† By John Donne. â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and â€Å" To His Mistress Going to bed† are two poems that feature â€Å"carpe diem†; they are also written by two of the most well known metaphysical poets. Andrew Marvell, the author of â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and John Donne, the writer of â€Å"To His Mistress Going To Bed†. Both poems were written through the 16th and 17th Century, where love and sex were describe as two different things. 16th and 17th century attitudes to love and relationship were much stricter than in the 21st Century, as wealthy men who wished to court a woman, would need to use the convention of writing a letter or a poem to try and win her over. This is precisely what these poems are about. Each man is trying to bed women, using their poetry. Their poems are more about sex, rather than love or romance. Using their metaphysical ways, they used their sexual images and witty conceits, to try and seduce the woman in question. In the 21st Century, it is not recommended for a man to take such action in doing so. Also in the 16th and 17th Century, woman was expected to be virgins until a chosen time. It was also unheard of for woman to have children out of wedlock, and if it did occur, then the woman would be seen as an outcast. Although in the 21st Century, it is more common if a woman has a child out of wedlock, she still could be seen as an outcast. Both men take a different way in choosing how to seduce the woman, but both take the same thought in the process, â€Å"To bed the woman†. Throughout time, the way of having sexual ways with each other, has changed Throughout this essay, I will be explaining the different and similarities, between these ... ...The each use a different beat, Marvell’s poem suit’s a simple octosyllasic couplet. It is centring the poem on time. Donne’s poem is an iambic pentameter. This gives it a slow pace, as if it is savouring the moment. In conclusion, after reading both poems, I discovered that I enjoyed reading Donne’s poem more than Marvell’s. I found both poems an interesting read, because over 500 years, love has changed. You would not find a man living in the 21st Century, writing poetry and letters to a woman, he wishes to bed. I think that this was a very romantic way of doing this. The reason why I enjoyed Donne’s poem is because it was sincere and passionate. Marvell’s being cool, witty and somewhat threatening. Both poets live up to their metaphysical ways on these poems, with their imagery, similes, metaphors, alliteration, repetition and sexually explicit words.

Steve Jobs: A Visionary Leader Essay -- entrepreneurs, business, leade

The business world is full of driven, determined young and old entrepreneurs, all hoping to make it in the competitive industry. A business person encompasses a variety of different virtues: leadership, persistence, confidence and people skills; however, not many people had what Steve Jobs embodied. Born in the vibrant San Francisco, California, Jobs was always interested in technology and its perks. â€Å"Early on Jobs showed a proficiency in electronics and a thirst for education. In junior high, he complained that he was not learning anything in his school, so his parents moved to Los Altos instead† (Gale, np). Even at a young age, Job’s business skills were already seeping through; his mind was constantly working, thirsting to fill his never ending quench for technology. The dream began when Job’s saw potential in his friend, Steve Wozniak, who was working for Hewlett Packard at the time. Wozniak was creating ametuer computers outside of work but never with t he intentions of selling them.With his vision of affordable personal computers, Steve Jobs changed that. On April 1st, 1976 in a small garage, one the most successful and thriving businesses in the computer industry was formed. The company name, Apple Computers, was given because it came before â€Å"Atari† in the phonebook and Jobs was also on one of his fruit diets, with apples being one of his staple foods (Isaacson, 54). Their aim was to create computers designed specifically to be user-friendly desktop machines for the general public, a target that many other rival companies neglected to pursue. Jobs remarks to Cathy book in Time, â€Å"We started out to get a computer in the hands of everyday people, and we succeeded beyond our wildest dreams† (Gale, np). From the beginning, Jobs d... ...entury, 2001. Print. Deutsch, Gail, and Deborah Roberts. "Steve Jobs: 7 Secrets to His Success." ABC News. ABC News Network, 8 Oct. 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. Deutschman, Alan. The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. New York: Broadway, 2000. Print. Elliot, Jay, and William L. Simon. The Steve Jobs Way: ILeadership for a New Generation. New York, NY: Vanguard, 2011. Print. Isaacson, Walter. Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Print. Segan, Sascha. "Steve Jobs Is Not Dead." PC Magazine (2012): 33-36. Computer Source. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. "Steve Jobs." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Biography in Context. Web. 28 Feb. 2014 Surowiecki, James . "How Steve Jobs Changed." The New Yorker. N.p., 17 Oct. 2011. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. Turak, August. "Steve Jobs and the One Trait All Innovative Leaders Share." Forbes. N.p., 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 8 Mar. 2014.

The Life of Socrates :: Ancient Rome Roman History

The Life of Socrates I. Socrates The most interesting and influential thinker in the fifth century was Socrates, whose dedication to careful reasoning transformed the entire enterprise. Since he sought genuine knowledge rather than mere victory over an opponent, He familiarized himself with the rhetoric and dialectics of the Sophists, the speculations of the Lonian philosophers, and the general culture of Periclean Athens. Socrates employed the same logical tricks developed by the Sophists to a new purpose, the pursuit of truth. Thus, his willingness to call everything into question and his determination to accept nothing less than an adequate account of the nature of things make him the first clear exponent of critical philosophy. Although he was well known during his own time for his conversational skills and public teaching, Socrates wrote nothing, so we are dependent upon his students (especially Kenophon and Plato) for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results. The trouble is that Plato was himself a philosopher who often injected his own theories into the dialogues he presented to the world as discussions between Socrates and other famous figures of the day. Nevertheless, it is usually assumed that at least the early dialogues of Plato provide a (fairly) accurate representation of Socrates himself. Socrates profoundly affected Western philosophy through his influence on Plato. Born in Athens, the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife, he received the regular elementary education in literature, music, and gymnastics. Initially, Socrates followed the craft of his father; according to a former tradition, he executed a statue group of the three Graces, which stood at the entrance to the Acropolis until the 2nd century AD. In the Peloponnesian War with Sparta he served as an infantryman with conspicuous bravery at the battles of Potidaea in 432-430BC, Delium in 424BC, and Amphipolis in 422BC. Socrates believed in the superiority of argument over writing and therefore spent the greater part of his mature life in the marketplace and public places of Athens, engaging in dialogue and argument with anyone who would listen or who would submit to interrogation. Socrates was reportedly unattractive in appearance and short of stature but was also extremely hardy and self-controlled. He enjoyed life immensely and achieved social popularity because of his ready wit and a keen sense of humor that was completely devoid of satire or cynicism. II. Attitude Toward Politics Socrates attitude toward politics was obedient, but generally steered clear of politics, restrained by what he believed to be divine warning.

Huckleberry Finn vs. Tom Sawyer Essay

Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are very different characters. I think that is what made them such great friends. Tom is always out to have a good time and doesn’t care who he hurts to do it. Huck always follows Tom’s lead even though sometimes he shouldn’t. Huck Finn grew up in a very rough environment. His father was a drunk who would disappear for months on random occasions. Huck is typically dirty and homeless. Eventually he goes to live with Widow Douglas who continually tries to reform Huck, but he resists and keeps his own ways. He said â€Å"The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn’t stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied.†(2) Huck is also a follower mostly of his good friend Tom. â€Å"But Tom Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable. So I went back.† (2) This is really the first time Huck has been educated and is taught about religion. Huck grew up in a much tougher environment then his close friend Tom, but he still has a good heart and was an easy going guy. He says â€Å"We said there wasn’t no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft.† (42) Tom is Huck’s best friend. They are about the same age but grew up in completely different situation. Tom grew up in white middle class family in a nice comfortable environment. Tom is clearly the leader of the two because Huck is always following his lead. Huck says â€Å"Tom told me what his plan was, and I see in a minute it was worth fifteen of mine for style, and would make Jim just as free a man as mine would, and maybe get us all killed besides. So I was satisfied, and said we would waltz in on it.† (66) Also Huck says â€Å"Tom Sawyer wouldn’t back out so I won’t.† Another thing that is different is Tom is willing to keep a secret that hurts a lot of people. He knows Mrs. Watson has died, but keeps it a secret for his own enjoyment. He could have told and Jim would have been free, but all he cared about was his plan to escape and how fun it was going to be. You  can clearly see the differences between Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. There are many examples in the book that show that. Tom is the leader and Huck is the follower. The biggest difference is the morals of the two. Tom kept a secret that hurt people and all Huck wanted to do was free Jim. After everything said Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are best friends. They get along so well and will be friends for life.

Indian Automobile Industry Essay

A. macrocosmThe political machinemotive constancy in India is adept of the orotundr grocerys in the conception and had antecedently been matchless of the fastest exploitation glob onlyy, only if is now perceive flat or negative yield rates. Indias rider drive cable cable car and commercial vehicle manuf functionuring assiduity is the sixth hugest in the world, with an annual forthput signal of to a greater extent than 3.9 zillion units in 2011. correspond to re cent reports, India either overtook Brazil and became the sixth largest rider vehicle producer in the world, grew 16 to 18 per cent to sell approximately 3 one thousand thousand units in the trend of 2011-12. In 2009, India emerged as Asias after tell largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, S forthh Korea, and Thailand.In 2010, India lumber Thailand to become Asias third largest exporter of passenger cars. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3.7 milli on self-propelled vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an extend of 33.9%), fashioning the artless the second (after China) fastest growing c vient car market in the world in that year.According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle gross revenue enhancement atomic subjugate 18 projected to increase to 4 million by 2015, no vaster 5 million as previously projected. The take upity of Indias car manufacturing intentness is based intimately-nigh three clusters in the south, west and north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the revenue sh ar. Chennai, with the India operations of Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, Caparo and PSA Peugeot Citron is about to begin their operations by 2014. Chennai accounts for 60% of the countrys gondolamotive exports. The western hub go about Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the market. The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharas htra is the western cluster with companies ilk command Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors, Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar Cars, Fiat and force out Motors having accumulation whole caboodles in the atomic number 18a.Nashik has a study base of Mahindra & Mahindra with a SUV assembly unit and an Engine assembly unit. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen likewise forms distinguish of the western cluster. The northerly cluster nearly-nigh the National Capital Region contributes 32% of the Indian market. Gurgaon and Manesar in Haryana form the northern cluster where the countrys largest car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki is based. An opposite emerging cluster is in the state of Gujarat with manufacturing facility of General Motors in Halol and pass on planned for Tata Nano at their make up in Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki and Peugeot-Citroen plants argon in any case striation to come up in Gujarat. Kolkata with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Hond a and Bangalore with Toyota be some(prenominal) of the some early(a) automotive manufacturing regions virtu onlyy the country.B. study PlayersThe Major Market PlayersC. intersection point comp wizntation opus there be multiple elans of segmenting this industry like based on price and locomotive locomotive size but the most preponderant and the official method is based on dimension. i.e. the length of the vehicle chthonian consideration. A1 fragment Mini Up to 3400mm (M800, Nano)A2 section carry 3401 to 4000mm (Alto, wagon r, Zen,i10,A-star,Swift,i20,palio,indica etc. A3 surgical incision Midsize 4001 to 4500mm (Manza, urban center, Sx4, Dzire, Logan, Accent, fiesta, Verna etc) A4 de manment executive director 4501 to 4700mm (Corolla, civic, C class, Cruze, Optra, Octavia etc) A5 divide Premium 4701 to 5000mm (Camry, E class, Accord, Sonata, Laura, Superb etc) A6 member luxury to a gameer place 5000mm (Mercedes S class, 5 series etc) B1 pie ce Van Omni, Versa, Magic etcB2 Segment MUV/MPV Innova, Tavera, Sumo etcSUV Segment CRV, VitaraetcWhile it is diffused for SIAM to segment the vehicles as per dimensions but for consumers, it becomes a tad hard. This is chiefly because of the widely varying / spread out prices of the vehicles. A 2 segment, as per the to a spunky-pitcheder(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) place criterion, ordain range between 3 lakhs to 7 lakhs. And A 3 result be between 4.5 to 9 lakhs. much(prenominal) wide variation in prices has warp the image of segments in the minds of consumers. Hence, for simplicity purposes, a different segmentation has cropped up.The details ar as celebrates- A Segment somewhat below 3.5 lakhs Alto, while, Nano, Spark, 800 B 1 Segment Hatchback largely below 6 lakhs Wagon R, Indica, Beat, Santro, A Star, Micra, Estilo B 2 Segment Hatchback majorly below 7.5 lakhs Swift, I 10, I 20, Ritz, Figo, Polo, Liva, Vista, Jazz, Punto, Brio, Fabia, Pulse, A veo UVA C 1 Segment public house below 8 lakhs Dzire, Indigo, Etios, Sunny, Fiesta Classic, Verito, Accent, Ambassador, Aveo C 2 Segment Sedan below 9.5 lakhs Linea, Manza, Verna, Rapid, Vento, City, SX 4, Verna unfermented, Optra D 1 Segment Premium Sedan below 15 lakhs Corolla, Civic, Cruze, Laura, Jetta, Fluence D 2 Segment Luxury Sedan below 25 lakhs Superb, Passat, Accord, Camry, Sonata, Teana, Kizashi B1 Segment Van Omni, Versa, Magic etcB2 Segment MUV/MPV Innova, Tavera, Sumo etcSUV Segment CRV, VitaraetcIf we analyze the first-class honours degree Quarter of 2012-13, thusly total vehicle gross sales has been around 6.32 lakh units. The hatchback segments has totaled to 56% of the entire passenger car sales in India. This comes to 355857 units. This clearly shows the popularity of smaller cars in the Indian market. Alto come abouts to be the meridian selling mail with 17422 in July. It is followed by Swift (11421) and Wagon R (9582) all Maruti brands. T his is an indication of how well the Maruti team has unsounded the Indian market. i 10, I 20, Nano, Beat, Figo, Santro& Polo be some of the high selling models in these segments and these models continue to clock more(prenominal) than 3000 units monthly. Nano has been a disappointment so far with abundant expectations but it is presentation some sweet of resilience off late. As a segment, the Utility segment is showing the level best branch. In fact, this segment has outclassed the opposite popular segments of A, B 1 & B 2.With 128110 units under its hood in the 1st quarter, the segment is definitely making some good progress. MarutisErtiga, Mahindras XUV 500 & Bolero has been instrumental in pushing the volumes of this segment. Innova and Omni too ar raking in good meter. What has been disappointing is the carrying into action from the Tata Motors st up to(p) Venture, Safari and Sumo pay off been showing steady decline in the numbers per se but definitely give huge potential to challenge the new(prenominal) models.Among the sedans, Maruti Dzire continues to adjudge it the pack. With 11413 numbers in July, it is government performance ahead of its succeeding(prenominal) model Verna (5300). The iconic models of City, Linea, SX4 involve been showing consistent under growth and seriously calls for some self-examination by their respective manufacturers. Vento & Rapid likewise showed some slack but addicted the aggression of VW and Nissan, it wont be long before they start to pull in good numbers. Tatas Indigo and Manza were on a slightly negative terrain all these months but somehow the trend has been converse in July. 6816 for these 2 models augurs well for the companion.D. Indian Automobile Industry Barriers to Entry (and Exit) Barriers to meekness (or, BTE) atomic number 18 anything that hinders the movement of firms into an industry. That is, BTE reduce or eliminate the entry of refreshful businesses into an industry. some dates BTE stooge be almost impossible no sensitive firms back end wear an industry. Other times BTE understructure dull down the entry of new firms new firms appear but only slow. genuinely low BTE, how constantly, nub that new firms target enter the industry relatively rapidly. What buns act as a BTE ?1. occur of capitalThe amount of capital in worseningible to enter the auto industry is in megs of dollars. So, very a few(prenominal) outsiders behind ever hope to enter the industry. This major financial requirement serve as a signifi erectt barrier to entry for many industries. The auto manufacturing industry is considered to be passing capital and labor intensive. The major cost for producing and selling gondolas allow in * Labor While machines and robots atomic number 18 playing a cracking role in manufacturing vehicles, there argon still substantial labor be in calculating and engineering automobiles * advertize Each year automakers spend billions on print and b alleycast advertising, furthermore, they spent large amounts of money on market explore to anticipate consumer trends and preferences 2. throttle might of part suppliersExisting parts suppliers create downsized their operations to the point that they do not take hold excess skill.3. contestThere are already signifi tail endt numbers of well established competitors.4.Government regulationsThe squiffy regulations regarding safety, bearing, emission standards and kindle efficiency whitethorn sometimes act as a deterrent.5. Patent security department lawsThis whitethorn prevent the use of accepted innovations at low cost.6. marketMarketing a new brand stub be uncontrollable and very expensive.7. Economies of dentureEconomies of outstrip give large producers a significant cost prefer over small rivals. Where a firm has great(p) very large and significant economies of scale exist, they can make cost competitiveness. New starting motors broadly speaking start small and therefore, have much higher unit exertion be than the giant firms. These new, small entrants regain it nearly impossible to survive against the large rival because they just cant be price competitive devoted their much larger unit exertion costs.8. Entry-deterring behaviorA firm can protect itself from emulation by designedly acting in a centering that convinces potential competitors not to enter the industry. whatever firms spend huge amounts of money on advertising to keep new rivals from scratch up business. Or, firms can act extremely in-your-face if faced with new contestation by perhaps starting a major price war any time a new competitor enters their market. Lawsuits against new rivals have been used to acquire them out of business or to, at the very least, raise the cost of move into the business to very high levels.9. acquaintance and TechnologyIdeas and Knowledge that provides competitive advantage over early(a)s when patented prevent another(p renominal)s from using it and thus creates barrier to entry. For eg. TATA motors have great knowledge/ experience in the automobile industry and have renowned expert advantage because of the recent acquisition and mergers.10. harvest-time note and court AdvantageThe new point of intersection has to be different and irresistible to be accepted by the customers. attractive feature can be measured in the wrong of the features, price etc. For an entrant to attain this, it requires lot of effort as compared to an established player. TATA Nano is an example where till now, no new entrant has entered as a competitor.Barriers to Exit Obstacles or impediments that prevent a family from forgeting a market. A company may decide to exit a market because it is unable to capture market role or turn a profit or for some other reason altogether. senior high barriers to exit force force it to continue competing in the market. The factors that may form a barrier to exit include1. stee p identifyment in non-transferable fixed as good dealsThis is particularly common for manufacturing companies that invest heavily in capital equipment which is particular to one task. 2. High redundancy costsIf a company has a large number of employees, employees with high salaries, or contracts with employees which stipulate high redundancy payments (layoff costs), wherefore the firm may face significant cost if it wishes to recant the market. 3. Other closure costs. Contract contingencies with suppliers or bargain forers and any penalty costs incurred from sour short tenancy agreements.4. Potential upturn Firms may be influenced by the potential of an upturn in their market that may reverse their received financial situation. 5. Government policies In India, the industrial Disputes Act, 1947 puts restrictions on employers in the matter of cut down excess staff by retrenchment, by closure of establishments and the retrenchment plow snarled lot of legalities and complex p rocedures. Also, any plans of retrenchment and reduction of staff and hands are subjected to strong opposition by workmanship unions.E. Role of Non-Pricing CompetitionNon-price competition refers to firms competing with one another not in terms of reducing the price to attract consumers instead, in form of brand name, advertising, packaging, necessitous home- delivery, free service, sponsorship deals and so on. These are the different forms of non-price competition. The main(prenominal) aim of non-price competition is yield demotement. As products are differentiated in monopolistic competition, to prove and show how ones product is master key than others- colour, appearance, packaging, skill level etc. It is been by means of with(p) to create an inelastic demand for the product. following parameters can be used for competition instead of reducing cost attributeIf consumers must choose between twain products of the very(prenominal) price but they can see that one is of a h igher prime(a), they generally pick the product of higher woodland. In this way, if a firm can figure out how to produce an token at a cost akin to what its competitor charges but make it of higher quality, that firm may be able to steal the market from its competitor. Now in pillow slip of automobiles, within a prone price range people generally dont comprise with the quality aesthetics.For example Recalls of vehicles sold. Recently, Honda Cars India Ltd recalled 42,672 units of second generation Honda City cars manufactured in 2007 and 2008 to replace their violence window switch. HCIL carried out preventive part replacement of power window switch. The company is proactively replacing Power Window assemble which may malfunction in case water or any other liquid enters the driver side window. Honda Cars India is carrying out the part replacement as part of a global pattern by Honda Motor Company to ensure stringent quality standards for its products. However, a problem with this start is that it may take some time for consumers to realize any difference in quality.Perception and BrandingIn some cases, little possibility of quality specialization exists between two products. However, the long-term sustainability of such an approach may be difficult because, as such brand advantages devise through consumer trends, consumer trends may also lead to their demise. We can take example of Hyundais Eon and Marutis Alto 800. Maruti being a well-known brand it was difficult for Hyundai Eon to compete with it. Hyundai India offers its Eon occur within a price angle bracket of Rs. 2.8 to Rs. 3.8 lakhs in the country. Maruti Suzuki has pitched its Alto 800 models with a slightly humble pricing go in the range starting from Rs. 2.4 lakhs that goes on till Rs. 3.6 lakhs in the Indian auto market. gross sales Comparision between Maruti Suzuki Alto 800 and Hyundai Eon seminal fluid http//blogs.hindustantimes.com/car-nama/2012/07/13/alto-vs-eon-eight-months-on /Product send offIn some cases, firms may compete by ever-changing the design of their products to make them more appealing without significantly changing production costs or quality levels. such(prenominal) a strategy can prove effective at thievery business from competitors, but it can also back burn, because it can cause the company to sacrifice its existing consumers, who may be wittingly choosing the existing design over other products with different designs specifically because it appeals to their tastes.Product DifferentiationNot all consumers are the same. By offering a range of similar products geared toward different market celestial spheres, firms can expand their market base. However, such product differentiation can result in significantly higher overhead costs for production. For example every model has variants in following aspectsFuel used ( gasolene, diesel, LPG, CNG)Cost varients (low end to high end with appendix of features like sunroof, airbags etc.) Model Price (INR) gas mileageVolkswagon Vento PetorlTrendline 7,29,000 15.04Volkswagon Vento Petrol Comfortline 7,75,805 15.04Volkswagon Vento Petrol Style Limited interlingual rendition 8,10,805 15.04 Volkswagon Vento diesel engine Trendline 8,44,000 20.54Volkswagon Vento Petrol Highline 8,74,805 15.04Volkswagon Vento Diesel Comfortline 8,90,805 20.54Volkswagon Vento Diesel Style Limited Edition 9,25,805 20.54 Volkswagon Vento Petrol Highline AT 9,74,805 14.4Volkswagon Vento Diesel Highline 9,89,805 20.54Sales StructureWhen two firms are competing with similar products, one may be able to enjoy more market share and a deeper level of insight out-of-pocket to a more effective and aggressive sales structure. By engaging in direct sales, firms can appeal to potential buyers who otherwise would not feel compelled to buy imputable to advertising or other kinds of marketing. Multilevel marketing is one way in which firms rapidly build their consumer base. However, by turning buyers into sellers as well, such schemes may require significantly higher prices.A typical picture range in Indian Automobile IndustrySource ImaginMor, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd and United Nations industrial Development organic law The description and the role of each of the contributors to the cater reach are discussed below. Third tier up Suppliers These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, tractile and aluminium to the second tier suppliers. twinkling level Suppliers These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs. They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for fine designs. some(a) of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. First Tier Suppliers These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage, in order to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They desig n and acquaint in order to provide black-box solutions for the requirements of their customers.Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own engineering to meet the performance and interface requirements fasten up by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, breaks-axel-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. Automakers/ vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) After researching consumers wants and needinesss, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry.Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyo ta, and Honda. Innovation, design capacity and branding are the main snap of these companies. Dealers Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorised dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. Parts and auxiliary These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. Service Providers Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. The increased wont of IT at different tiers of the supply chain is on the increase in all the companies in India. An important finding that emerged from the findings was that the desegregation of supply chain is being do at all the cities in the country irrespective of the market share.F. Key Developments in Indian Aut o SectorMajor Developments & Investments* Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd is expecting to sell over 60 per cent more units this year on the back of the launch of its upgraded small car Nissan Micra * Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV) exported its first lot of 64 Fuso trucks manufactured at its Oragadam plant in Chennai. * Mahindra USA, a secondary of Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M), volition set up an assembly and distribution centre, expanding one of the four tractor facilities in North America, by January 2014 * The Japan-based automobile manufacturer Isuzu Motors local subsidiary Isuzu Motors India has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Motors (HM) for contract manufacturing of Isuzu SUVs and pickup trucks * A year after introducing the popular miniskirt range of cars in India, luxury car maker BMW has started local production of mini Countryman at its facility in Chennai * New Holland Fiat India plans to invest Rs 1, speed of light crore (US$ 184.56 million) to set up a new green-field plant in Maharashtra and also to increase its tractor manufacturing capacity by 50 per cent in the next three years* friend MotoCorp has bought a 49.2 per cent stake in its US-based technology partner Erik Buell Racing (EBR) for US$ 25 million. This is champion MotoCorps first-ever candor purchase in an overseas company. Also, Hero MotoCorp has entered into the African continent with launch of its brand and products in Kenya, where it has also set up an assembly unit. The company has also partnered with Ryce due east Africa to sell its two-wheelers in the country * Daimler is develop its Indian commercial vehicle operations as an export hub. Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV) ordain export locally assembled trucks from the conglomerates Mitsubishi Fuso range in 15 markets in Asia and Africa.Government InitiativesThe Government of India plans to introduce kindle-efficiency ratings for automobiles to make headway sale of cars that consume less petrol or diesel, as per Mr. Veerappa Moily, pairing rector for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. The brotherhood Budget 2013-14 announced by Mr. P Chidambaram, the Union Finance Minister, Government of India, in the Parliament on February 28, 2013, had a few add-ons for the industry. The analysis by Deloitte on the Union Budget highlighted the following * The period of assignment available for specified part of electrical and interbreeding vehicles till April 2013 has been extended upto blemish 31, 2015* The basic customs job (BCD) on imported luxury goods such as high-end motor vehicles, motor cycles, yachts and similar vessels was increased. The concern was raised from 75 percentage to nose candy percent on Cars / motor vehicles (irrespective of engine capacity) with CIF value more than US$ 40,000 from 60 percent to 75 percent on motorcycles with engine capacity of 800cc or more and on yachts and similar vessels from 10 percent to 25 percent * In addition, an incre ase in excise trading from 27 to 30 per cent has been allowed for SUVs with engine capacity exceeding 1,500 cc, while excise profession was decreased from 80 to 72 per cent, in case of SUVs registered solely for taxi purposes* An prerogative from BCD on lithium ion automotive outpouring for manufacture of lithium ion battery packs for supply to manufacturers of hybrid and electric vehicles * The excise duty on chassis of diesel motor vehicles for transport of goods reduced from 14 per cent to 13 per cent Moreover, the Government of India allows 100 per cent foreign direct coronation (FDI) in the automotive industry through automatic route. The Government also plans to hurry the supply of electric vehicles over the next eight years. It is judge that there depart be a demand for 5-7 million electricity-operated vehicles by 2020. The contribution of automotive arena in the gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to double, stretchability a dollar volume worth US$ one hundre d forty-five billion in 2016, with special focus on export of small cars, MUVs, two & three wheelers and auto components, as per the Automotive care Plan (AMP) 2006-2016.Road Aheadworld(a) and Indian manufacturers are focusing their efforts to develop innovative products, technologies and supply chains in the industry. Car makers are launching a slew of car models, mostly thick-skulled SUVs, in the coming months. The automobile consistency SIAM expects the launches to be able to brighten the market. Lastly, the imagery of AMP 2006-2016 sees India, to emerge as the endpoint of choice in the world for design and manufacture of automobiles and auto components with output reaching a level of US$ 145 billion accounting for more than 10 per cent of the GDP and providing additional manipulation to 25 million people by 2016. G. Major Challenges and Suggested MeasuresChallenges1. Strong decline in economic growth-* It affects the consumer buying behavior- Buyers driven by fear of job l oss, moved crisply to increase their rate of saving. At the same time, high cost and growing longevity of motor vehicles prompted buyers to postpone purchases that they might have otherwise made. * Freezing of credit markets meant cancelledorders, due supplier invoices, and temporarily shuttered plants. * High excise duty- 12 % for sub 4 meters cars and 24 % for over 4 meters cars. * High interest rates as well as difficulty to obtain loans for purchase. 2. copy unsheathed parts- Indian market has always suffered from duplicate products and cheap takefeits. This puts pressure on OEMs to reduce the prices and compete with these cheaper counterfeits. According to the study conducted by market research agency nielson co with acma, 41 % of total spare parts conk out to OEMs and OESes, 23 % belong to imported segment and 36 % are duplicate.3. Lack of infrastructure- Lack of proper road infrastructure, resulting into heavy Traffic has become major concern in most of the cities in India. Parking problem, parking cost adds to it. badly roads, Bad drivers on road further add to the problem. 4. Availability of experient man-power- As per data published by NSDC(National science Development Corporation), automobile sector in India is going to face a dearth of 35 million skilled work force by 2022. Limited handiness of skilled manpower is bound to pose a great challenge to the incontrovertible growth of the Indian automotive manufacturing industry.5. High possession cost- Small car sales are likely to fall by a couple of percentage points in 2013-14 due to continued uncertainty over income growth, high fuel costs arising from a reject rupee and still relatively high inflation.Diesel cars will lose their sheen, particularly in the small car segment, due to the deliberate deregulation of diesel prices and the expected fall in petrol prices. 6. IR think issues- The $73 billion automobile sector has witnessed abhorrent industrial unrest in the recent 5 years wi th disputes in Maruti Suzuki, Hero Honda, Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India, Rico,Hyundai, Ashok Leyland, MRF, Apollo Tyres, Sona Koyo and Toyota Kirloskar Motors Ltd. Thissector, to generate double revenue needs a flexible workforce of 25 million with an amicableatmosphere to hire and fire proles to cope with the cyclical swings in demand for cars, trucksand bikes but the archaic labour laws regime employment of contract labour has cull out thesetensions.This speculates the lack of efficient implementation machinery. Industrial unrestsaccompanying murders of the executives have also been committed in 2-3 instances recently,demonstrating the urging to address the issue by the cordial partners. 7. Global competition Competition will only increase in the years to come, as more global players enter India and the pace of innovation accelerates. This would elevate both R&D and selling and distribution costs, thereby impacting margins. Despite these headwinds, India would continue to remain an attractive market, as volumes crossways segments are projected to grow at a five-year compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 10 per cent.Suggested MeasuresIndia has a very low car penetration about 10 per 1000. This number is expected to become 382 by 2025, this means that there is plenty of room to each automobile giant to grow in Indian market without affecting the volume of other competitors. Few of the following suggested measures may have a bounce back effect on the Indian Automobile Industry 1. Friendly government policies Tax benefits for R&D study and Skill connect investments, subsidies for hybrid vehicles are the measures if taken can boost the Indian automobile sector. also extension of 200 % weighted deductive reasoning of R & D expense under income tax law andweighted deduction of cl % for expenditure in skill development by industries seem to be positive steps towards the cause.2. Healthy Industrial traffic through better contract worker polic ies As in most of the unquestionable countries thecontract workers are covered under the social security provisions and are paid at par with the permanent workers. Such transparent policies may definitely get along positive industrial relations and promote industrial growth. 3. Technology up grade measures-Automobile industry is slowing down, but at the same time we are seeing long waiting periods for new launches, which means people are no eternal going for same old firm brands and models and want more value for their money.Which gives me hopes that if Auto makers focus on launching more new models and more global launches they will surely find customers. 4. Promoting Hybrid vehicles or better fuel efficiencyTo counter the problems of high fuel prices, its the need of the hour to develop higher fuel efficient products and also the products running on alternative fuel to decrease the willpower cost. For this concession on import duty on specified parts of hybrid vehicles are necessary. Stringent laws and strict exercise to eliminate spurious auto-spare part business. 5. Ensuring easy loan availabilityThe industry should also approach the banks and NBFCs for better and easier loan availability to the car buyers. 100% finance and sink EMI with longer loan tenure will definitely help.