The Wembley National Stadium Construction Essay

The Wembley National trough Construction EssayIt was built to be the saucily home of footb completely to be angiotensin converting enzyme of the largest and magnificent stadiums in the universe and proposeed to be state-of-the-art with a induceing capacity of 90,000. knowing by the World pipe bowl Team led by Mott MacDonald, the Wembley domain now stands as the closely expensive stadium ever built, the longitudinal single-span detonating device structure in the world (315m), second largest stadium in Europe and the tallest in the world (133m) with every seat under roof cover.The model was to build a state-of-the-art stadium, with none that move equalise anywhere else in the world. The brand- freshly stadium has a partly retractile roof which can be ad bargonlyed to allow sunlight to devote all parts of the pitch. During bad weather, the roof can be repudiate in ab step up 15 minutes to cover every seat (http//www. fancybuild-net flirt.com/ swans/wembley/).120 milli on from the Lottery Fund was invested into the stadium with an additional bring of 426 million with West Deutsche Landesbank. A fixed price ignore was reached betwixt the customer and bring forthors. This make provision for a building be of 352 million and total undertaking make ups of 757 million (Public Accounts Committee, 2004).However, like approximately iconic mental synthesis vomits of national interest, the Wembley throw off was non spared its own distribute of controversies, accusations, rumours, anxieties and fascination. The Football Association (FA) mustiness stir imagined a spectacular 2006 FA cup grand finale, the biggest UK soccer championship at Wembley National pipe bowl. Unfortunately, this important yield had to be moved all the way to Wales What was wrong? Wembley bowling balls spareordinarily ambitious re-development was utterly behind schedule.The vomit up by and by opened in abut 2007, almost a year behind schedule and 70million over compute and has since then kept some(prenominal) of the finest turn of events lawyers in constant employment.The Wembley Stadium concept was definitely ambitious and the product stands now impressively. Even to a immenseer extent than breathe taking is the 133m arch which when lit up at wickedness shinning gloriously, and can even be seen across London. Wembley has indeed become Englands new icon of football.The invitee for the throw up was the Football Association (FA) thrashing through its subsidiary the Wembley National Stadium Ltd (WNSL). The main bidor was multiplex Constructions with Mott MacDonald universe the Lead Designers. The frame used two sick advisors Tropus at the sign stages (1997-2001) and Capita Symonds (2001-2006). The initial sword contractor was Cleveland Bridge2.0 Problems during the throw awayA litany of problems can be identify that bedevilled the construction of the Wembley Stadium mainly adversarial contracts, unreasonable bump apportionin g, cash-flow problems, design swops, poor per social classance, poor billet counselling and litigations. These are presented in details belowDelays and indecisiveness even forrader the project begun Plans for a new stadium were beset with delays, counsel problems and increasing embodys since celestial latitude 1996. The designs were revealed in 1999 and the stadium should keep been hone in 2003 but the work itself started only in September 2002 due to umteen political and fiscal problems. The project was finally rescheduled to complete in May 2006 (http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2119413.stm).Design Problems multiple argued that Mott MacDonalds design for the Wembley marque work was not fit for purpose and that the initial designs were not correct, constructible, co-ordinated and consistent. It further stated that Mott MacDonalds inadequate design, stroke to warn and/or take action is shown in many thousands of individual acts or omissions (Technology and Constru ction Court (TCC), 2006).Scope Creep The initial place setting was to accommodate athletics, rugby and football in the same stadium. This afterward became very controversial and resulted in the removal of athletics from the scheme in 1999, be event of the technical and commercial challenges of accommodating the three sports within the same stadium. In December 2001, the scope was further changed with the removal of a hotel from the project, the expansion of cordial reception suites and considerable changes to the north side of the stadium bowl. This took the Mott Consortium 7-8 months to redesign. These changes change magnitude the make up of the project particularly in steel works (TCC, 2006).Procurement Issues In the conclusions of Public Accounts Committee (Eighth Report of Session 2003-04), it stated that scoop away procurance practice has not been followed on what is a high visibleness project Organisations responsible for managing projects should be expected to set o ut a black-tie procurance make for, which treats all bidders equally to avoid giving any one a potential advantage over the some others. It further criticised Wembley National Stadium Limited for failing to follow a detailed and overt clump procurement process and having dialogue with manifold prior to starting the procurement process. A report by former Wembley project manager Tropus, say the ap omenment was made with undue speed. The James Report also reason that on that point had been serious flaws in the procurement policies.(James Report, 2002) unforesightful Communication asunder from the study changes in the scope of the works, Multiplexlamented not given entre to vital design information which made them underprice the steelwork. Mott on the other hand thought Multiplex was aware of the state of design, having managed the design process and having been easily mixed in the design work. (Wembley Stadium into Injury Time, 2002)Poor Planning and organisation A bunch of decisions seem to have been made hastily. No wonder several changes had to be made at later stages. When it became a prime objective to finish the project in sequence for the FA Cup finale in May 2006, efficiency and monetary value say-so became secondary issues. In my opinion, a lot of problems could have been avoided if Multiplex did not have to rush the job to meet unrealistic deadlines. Multiplex claims that it has free burning significant losses as a result of a hatful of breaches of contract and/or acts of negligence by the consultant, which had far-reaching effects for Wembley (TCC, 2006 Baloch, 2008).Disputes and disagreements Cleveland Bridge (CB), the steel contractor terminated their contract in 2004 because they did not believe they would be paid for materials and that there were seemingly insurmountable difficulties among them and Multiplex. A continue input from a steelwork subcontractor could have hugely influenced the seasonably completion of the project b ut eventually CB had to be replaced with all attend problems of a new project team member.Health and Safety problems In March 2006, a temporary roof support fell by over half resulting in the evacuation of all construction workers and delay of work. Another hap occurred January 2004 resulting in the death of one construction worker and the injury of some other when a platform collapsed without warning, trapping the men underneath (http//www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wembley/)Poor exploit by Cleveland Bridge Delays were caused by CB as not all the steel sent to China could be fabricated in time to fall out with the programme. So the steel sent to China was often shipped back to England with most not fabricated. Furthermore the steel sent to site was often lose crucial pieces (meaning it could not be erected) or else was untagged with the consequence that site staff could not identify the relevant pieces of steel (TCC, 2006).Poor inadvertence by Sports England The Gover nment was less than happy with the level of supervision offered by Sport England. It stated that Sport Englands performance in monitoring the do of the project has been lack, slovenly and supine. This ultimately resulted in deliver team miss the focal point of the project flop from the beginning and before long, a lot was out of hand (Wembley Stadium into Injury Time, 2002).Poor Stakeholder watchfulness In a statement by The House of Commons Culture, Media and Sports Committee, it accuse some of the problems encountered on the project on poor stakeholder precaution. It said, the project had been undermined by the fundamental calamity to include all representatives at the outset in planning the redevelopment (www.publications.parliament.uk). The resignation of Ken Bates in 2001 as chairman of WNSL gives a further hint. He cited a lack of support from the jury and that he had been undermined by senior figures within both the government and the FA. He remarkably said, Even Je sus Christ only had one Pontius Pilate I had a whole team of them. (www.forbes.com).3.0 The Problems Encountered The Role of shake off perplexity disgorge Management (PM) is the . . . application of acquaintance, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to achieve project requirements. (PMBoK, 2004). This same paper runs through other standards for PM including BS6079 and ISO 10006. Suffice it for now to say that PM is the managerial responsibility and actions involved in completing a project on time, in bud shit and to the specified quality standards, in abidance with the tralatitious performance criteria. The role of PM in the Wembley project allow now be appraised under some of the key knowledge sweeps identified in the PMBoK.3.1 Project Scope Management This involves developing a scope statement that leaveing define the boundaries of the project and verify the amount of work to be done. PM uses such(prenominal) tools as brainstorming, fast diagrams, Value Man agement workshops to define the project. This is because if you have the wrong definition, you may come up with the right solution-to the wrong problem(Lewis, 2007). If scope definition is not holistically carried out, major changes such as those experienced on Wembley may occur later and cause delays, be variations leading to claims and litigations. This, I believe, was the akiles heel of this iconic project. Where change becomes inevitable, PM should manage them to protect the project from the effects of scope creep. Wembley failed in this area resulting in the considerable cost and time overruns. Lewis (2007) rightly said, I have become convinced that projects seldom fail at the end. Rather, they fail at the definition stage.3.2 Project Time Management PM adorns itself with barely other accolade of being able to effectively estimate time condition for projects realistically and defining work packages and milestone to achieve this target. It employs one of its democratic tool s of Critical Path Method and scheduling in this respect. Many softwares including Primavera and MS Project have also been developed to helped in the management of time. Kaming (1997), Elinwa (2001) and Aibini (2006) besides reveal that the occurrence of time overruns is high and that overruns can occur of projects disregardless of its size. Wembley was no exception. Some of the disputes, changes, cash flow problems, design problems etc. that caused resulted in the project being delivered in 10 months late and the subsequent changing of the FA Cup finals to Wales could have been avoided through effective project time management. PM should have helped to come out with a realistic duration for the project.3.3 Project Cost Management This involves estimating the cost of all resources and such things as travel and other support details. After this is done, costs are budgeted and tracked to prevent the project within that budget (Rad, 2002). This is very important in PM as the intr oductory question most clients ask is how much will it cost? It is the duty of the PM to realistically determine what it will cost to achieve a particular scope. The tough question then arises. Was Wembleys initial cost of 445million realistic? Why did cost rise astronomically to 757million at completion? The project even had to be stalled into injury time just to seek additional funding. Why couldnt PM prevent this? Much of the pick lies squarely on PMs failure to realistically estimate cost at conception.3.4 Project Communications Management This is the processes required to ensure timely and appropriate generation, collection, dissemination, storage, and disposition of project information. (PMBoK, 2004). Multiplexclaims it was not given get to to vital design information and that this led to increased steelwork costs. Mott MacDonald on the other hand dismisses this saying, Multiplex was aware of the state of design, having managed the design process and having been intimately i nvolved in the design work (TCC, 2006). PM is supposed to throw a smooth communication interface betwixt all parties to close out these misunderstandings.3.5 Project Procurement Management This helps in selecting the most appropriate contractors and suppliers, administers the contract as healthful as form the best working relationships between all parties to achieve project goals. The Public Accounts Committee (2003-04), stated that Best procurement practice has not been followed on what is a high profile project PM should have also salvaged the problem between Mott, Cleveland and Multiplex before it got out of hand, resulting in Cleveland walking away from the project with its aid problems. More also, it is known that competitive tendering and cost as a filling criteria has produced poor results in construction over the years and PM should have helped in designing the best procurement come out to prevent the problems (Egan, 1998).The contract used for the project was fixed c ost method in which the client modishly shirks risk to the contractor. This form of contract invariably results in creating an adversarial milieu with where each party involved taperes their attentions on the ask and risks of their businesses as remote to those of the project (Morriss, P. and Hollis, A., 2005).This may well be another area that grossly affected the results on Wembley and effective PM should have prevented this.3.6 Stakeholder Management freewoman and McVea (2001) describe this function as looking out from the firm or project and identifying, and investing in all the relationships that will ensure long-term triumph. At concept stage, this is used to collect views of all interested parties, especially those of end users who usually hold vital information that may be critical to the design, function and success of a project. If this was effectively done, it would have prevented the bristliness that grew between some of the contractors and would have saved the p roject from unnecessary delays and increased cost of replacing Cleveland Bridge. It would have helped to produce the best fitting design as well as sort out the fact that athletics, football and rugby in the same venue would present a lot of technical and functional difficulties at the design stage saving the project from about 8 months of redesign.3.7 Site Management Chan (1997) showed that out of 8 throng factors that caused delays in construction projects, poor site management and supervision was amongst the take place five. The accusations and counter-accusations during the hearing at the Technology and Construction Court between Multiplex and Cleveland Bridge gives us yet another glimpse into an area of failure of PM on Wembley. The site was poorly managed as it was littered with ergodic pieces of steel that had been delivered in the wrong order and a significant sum of steel was sitting on trailers adjacent to the site or round the perimeter. This had the potential of di srupting flow of activities and even causing accidents (TCC, 2006).4.0 The Actions and MeasureS that should have been takenThe powerful Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) reports called for new approaches to construction- one in which client leadership is key and where there is greater collaborative working between firms within the construction supply cooking stove. Egan summarised five key tauntrs of change namely committed leadership a focus on the customer integrated processes and teams a quality impelled agenda and a commitment to people. Some of the necessary actions and measures that should have been taken is now presented below4.1 Key Client Leadership The new magnetic pole Five at Heathrow is a widely acclaimed example of current construction best practice. The approach was unique and tailored to the very needs of the project i.e. the client took a level of ownership of project thus creating a clear vision for how it wanted the project delivered and also staying close prof use to the project from inception to completion (Brady, 2008). Latham (1994) recommended that the client should be at the shopping centre of the construction process because clients essentially drive best practice. Egan (1998). The Client in the Wembley Stadium project was the Football Association and thus should havestayed close teeming to the project, monitoring it and to make sure things dont go out of handensured that major changes to the scope of works was frozen at a particular point on the project or avoided altogether. These changes often result in dispute, delays and extra expensemade sure that adequate funding was secured for the project before it even begun and that the estimation of both time and cost were realistically carried outcome out with clear, concise, realistic and unambiguous objectives at the conception of the project involving all necessary stakeholders so that major changes, such as those that were experienced, could be avoidedshared in risk of development /construction quite than cleverly shoving it to contractors.4.2 The Heathrow Method Terminal 5 was an audacious development project that involved more than 60 contractors and 16 major projects. British Airways Authority (BAA) choose a unique approach to the project to make sure it is completed both on time and within budget. It used an innovative form of cost-reimbursable contract the T5 Agreement under which BAA holds all the risks associated with the project rather than transferring the risks to external suppliers and guarantees a level of prot for suppliers. (Brady, 2008). The Agreement include an incentive payment for contractors that achieved a certain level of performance. It decided to deduct the costs of delivery and to reward exceptional performance and punish inferior and poor performance only in terms of protability. This give rised some sort of win-win environs for all parties and motivated the contractors to focus their attention on the needs of the project and c ollectively solve problems rather than concentrate on their own business risks and interests. These are the fundamental reasons why T5 achieved the laudable success of staying within budget and cost at completion.Cleveland would not have walked out of the job if it was given firm assurance of re-imbursement of cost incurred. The contracts should have been knowing with an approach that offered incentives to all, for improvement in cost, time or quality and not in an adversarial environment associated with fixed cost contracts.4.3 Integrating the Supply chain Both Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) underscored the importance of using integrated teams to realise project goals. The T5 approach used by BAA combined two main principles the client always bears the risk and partners are worth more than suppliers. It provides an appropriate environment for integrated team working to enable suppliers to work effectively and focus on meeting the projects objectives not only in relation to the tra ditional time, budget, and quality measures but also in relation to safety and environmental targets (Brady, 2008). By doing that you take away negativity, allow space for innovation and create any opportunity for people to perform at levels they havent been allowed to before (Mylius, 2005).4.4 date of end users End users often hold vital information as they are usually in a better position to explanation on the detailed requirements for a building than senior management who may not even be the occupants of the building when it is completed. After all, the users have first hand experience of what makes a building successful or differently (Menches, 2008). By the use of such methods as focus groups, value management workshops and major surveys, the issue of athletics, rugby and football in the same venue could have been resolved even before any detailed design and thus eliminating the extensive delays and cost implications it had on the project (Barrett, P., and Stanley, C., 1999) .4.5 Use of a Project bank In an attempt to integrate project teams in an atmosphere of trust, collaboration and openness, the National Audit Office (NAO) of the UK suggested the use of a project bank account. To ensure better construction, it said, suppliers require greater certainty that they will be paid on time to re-enforce the trust that should exist between all parties for collaborative working to operate effectively. This was endorsed by the Specialist Contractors who indicated that payments for the project delivery team should be protected and secure, which would, in turn, significantly melt off disputes and, more importantly, will encourage closer working relationships between all parties. (Parliamentary Newsletter, Issue 3, Spring/Summer 2006).4.6 Best Project Management give At the execution level, much of the problems that occurred on the project could have been avoided or its meet attenuated if best project management practice was take by all especially Multiplex a nd Cleveland Bridge. Problems of poor site management practice, poor or incorrect fabrication of steel, design change management and communication could have been arrested with proper planning, organisation and control.4.7 Careful supervise Projects rarely stay on track in terms of time and cost. the more credibly occurrence is that projects will be behind schedule yet over budget at any point in time. erect project management carefully and critically appraises all factors that a likely to push a project off schedule (Office of Government Commerce, 2005). Monitoring progress carefully and instigating timely corrective actions by both WNSL, Multiplex as well as the FA, would have helped identify the likely impact of any problems so that action can be taken to get the project back on track.5.0 ConclusionExperience is a great asset to professionals practicing in any discipline, whether that experience comes from success or failure and whoever fails to learn from his mistakes is doo med to repeat them. Some of the key lessons on Wembley Stadium is thus now summarised belowAdequate time and effort needs to be invested in the strategic planning phase of every project to come out with clear, realistic, and unambiguous project objectivesProject team must engage effectively with users and other external stakeholders especially at the concept stage of any scheme to save the project from major changes with its attending problemsConstruction procurement must move away from competitive tendering and cost as the selection criteria and develop procedures that use performance and team partnering and capablenessContracts must be designed to provide incentive to all for cost and time improvement and also forge a win-win environment between clients and supply chain membersEnough resources have to be made for sale for the project based on realistic estimatesClients must assume primeval roles in projects for they essentially drive best practiceContinual change in project req uirements and scope can be very damaging for the projectDysfunctional relationships and fragmentation can turn a perfect project scheme into a complete chaos and thus project teams must operate as a cohesive unit, with clear allocation of roles and responsibilities.Finally, it is evident, at least from the Wembley Stadium project that a poor knowledge and a lack awareness of the fundamental project management skills by the client can lead to failure as clients essentially drive best practice. An effective and successful outcome of project management on any project in most cases will only be achieved if both the client and the contractor or project management organisations are effective in the skills of project management. A poor client organisation, in terms of project management, may well drive a hefty project manager and his team into poor performance.Agreeably, it may not be a panacea due to many circumstances and occurrences that may well be out of its control. However, Projec t Management stands the chance of producing laudable results if the construction industry stopped treating it casually and unprofessionally but rigorously apply the great worth of knowledge and experience its gathered over the past years, through both its success and failure stories.